DOCUMENTATION OF SOME CULTURAL HERITAGE EMERGENCIES IN SYRIA IN AUGUST 2010 BY SPHERICAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY

Syria is a country of many civilizations, Marie, Aramaic, Phoenician, Roman, Byzantine, Islamic, Ottoman civilizations. Unfortunally the recent war is the reason for many cultural heritage items to be destroyed, beyond the thausand civilian people killed. In 2010, just before the war, the A. made a touristic trip together with Crua (Recreational Club of the Ancona University). It was the occasion to make some fast documentation of some Syrian CH monuments. Mostly of the images were taken by the A. not to make a survey, but as a photographic report, as fast and complete as possible. For a regular survey project, the tripod, the spherical head should be used for the takings and the 3x3 Cipa rules should be followed, that occurred only in the three main projects, say the survey of the citadel walls in Aleppo, the survey of the Umayyads Mosque in Damascus, and the survey of the minaret of the Umayyads Mosque in Aleppo. All the other documentation surveys have been carried out with hand-held camera taking the dimension of the model from Google earth high resolution, when available. But, apart the regular surveys, due to the explosion of the unexpected war, the photographs taken in such a touristic way, have been used to try to get some usable plottings an restitutions and it worked successfully mostly of the times. These surveys could be useful in case of reconstruction and in case of lack of suitable alternative metric documentation. Because of the continuing threats, all six Syrian World Heritage properties were inscribed on the List of World Heritage in Danger, at the 37th session of the World Heritage Committee, held in Cambodia last June: Ancient City of Aleppo, Ancient City of Bosra, Ancient City of Damascus, Ancient Villages of Northern Syria, Krak des Chevaliers and Qal’at Salah El-Din ans finally the Site of Palmyra. See the following links: https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=kr. a3e0DL5sA and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ltFFjjrUgtU. Apart the Ancient Villages of Northern Syria, the A. visited all the World Heritage sites and partly documented. Some of them have already been plotted, some are in the orientation stage, some have been documented only.


INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Syrian Cultural Heritage
Syria is a country of many civilizations, Marie, Aramaic, Phoenician, Roman, Byzantine, Islamic, Ottoman civilizations.Unfortunally the recent war, beyond the thousand of civilian people killed, is the reason for many cultural heritage monuments, to be destroyed.Aleppo and Damascus are among the oldest human settlements of the world."So called "the crossroad of ancient cultures",Syria is located at the heart of ancient trail routes cutting from north to south and from the Far East to the Eastern Mediterranean and beyond (Figure 1).The ancient Near East is the place where major societal changes occurred i rst, and Syria (like Iraq) is characterized by two key issues which are at the base of our modern life: the Neolithic transformations with the introduction of sedentary life and early agriculture, and the emergence of urban societies, writing systems and empires attested in sites such as Tell Hamoukar, Abu Hureyra, Ebla, Damascus, Palmyra and Aleppo, to name but a few." (P.Brasasco,2012).In August 2010, just before the war, the A. made a touristic trip together with Crua (Recreational Club of the Ancona University).It was the occasion to make some fast documentation of Syrian CH.Mostly of the pictures were taken not to make a regular survey of documentation, but as a simple and quick photographic report, as large as possible.Because of the continuing threats, all six Syrian World Heritage properties

The Panoramic Spherical Photogrammetry
Spherical Photogrammetry is a technique set-up by the A. making use of spherical panoramas as image support.The advantages are the high resolution, the FOV up to 360°, the low cost, the completeness of the information and the high speed of takings.On the contrary, the plotting and the orientation are slow and up to now, fully manual.There exist today tools and instruments more accurate and efficient for CH recording like laser scanning, but the goal of SP is to allow anybody to make documentation everywhere with simple and low-cost means.Technical details can be found in (Fangi, Nardinocchi, 2012).

THE DOCUMENTATION
For the sake of semplicity we distinguish the documentation in two parts, the rigorous surveys and the quick documentation.

The quick documentation
Below the documented monuments are listed.

The Damascus Region
The Darvikya mosque, the Al Sybahieh Mosque, Qasr al-Heir al Gharbi gate, (the entrance gate of the National Museum), Hamah, the minaret of Noria-al-Muhammad mosque, Krak des Chevaliers.

The Roman Heritage
Bosra the roman theatre, Shabba the roman forum, the roman theatre, Apamea, a roman temple, Palmira the roman temple, a triumphal arch, a monumental tomb

The Aleppo Region
The Clock tower in Aleppo, the Saint Simeon Stylite church, Arch, Al Helwieh madrasa façade, mihareb inside the citadel.

The rigorous surveys
The following surveys have been performed with tripod, spherical head, following the 3x3 Cipa rules.Bosra, once the capital of the Roman province of Arabia, was an important stop on the ancient caravan route to Mecca.The splendid 2nd-century Roman theatre, made in black basalt, is one of the largest in the world, it is also the best preserved, because it was enclosed within a medieval fortification.This contribution has been peer-reviewed.The double-blind peer-review was conducted on the basis of the full paper.doi:10.5194/isprsannals-II-5-W3-401-2015

The Umayyads Mosque in Damascus
The large mosque, in the heart of the city, was built in 705 when Damascus was the capital of the Arab Islamic.The photographs have been shot with a Canon 60D and 50mm focal lens.

The Minaret of the Umayyads Mosque in Aleppo
The war destroied the old minaret of the Umayyads Mosque in Aleppo, built in 1092 in very good conditions.

CONCLUSIONS
Three rigorous surveys (with tripod, spherical 3x3 Cipa rules) say the Omayyad mosque in Damascus, the walls of the Citadel in Aleppo, the minaret of the mosque in Aleppo, have been performed.All the other surveys have been carried out in a less rigorous manner: the scale was taken from Google earth high resolution (when available) and the photographs have been shot with free hand-held camera.Nevertheless they could be still useful, since the accuracy seems to be enough good.
All surveys are partial surveys only.Spherical Photogrammetry is a low-cost technique, the equipment consisting only in a digital camera, a tripod and a longimeter, there is no need of monumentation or targeting, the speed of taking is high.Therefore Spherical Photogrammetry can be regarded as emergency or rescue photogrammetry.All the produced material, photographs, computer software, plotting are available to the community in view of the reconstruction of CH in Syria.
Considering the results, one might say that every administration should ensure the coverage of all its monuments with spherical panoramas, which is cheap, fast, procticable by anyone who knows how to take pictures.
were inscribed on the List of World Heritage in Danger, at the 37th session of the World Heritage Committee, held in Cambodia last June: Ancient City of Aleppo, Ancient City of Bosra, Ancient City of Damascus, Ancient Villages of Northern Syria, Krak des Chevaliers and Qal'at Salah El-Din and finally the Site of Palmyra.See the following links: https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v= kr.3e0DL5sA,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ltFFjjrUgtU.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Syria Damascus, Shabba, Bosra, Hamah, Palmyra and Aleppo are the visited cities The used camera was a Canon 60D equipped with 24, 50, 200 mm lenses.The photographs shown in this article are spherical panoramas.A Leica Disto was used for distance measurements.The software used for stitching was Ptgui 9.The orientation and the plotting have been performed with the non-commercial Sphera package developed by the A. All the restitutions, the plottings, the renders have been done by the students of the course of Photogrammetry at the Università Politecnica della Marche, Ancona, Italy.In this paper the projects already plotted only are shown while the remaing ones are still undegoing the restitution.Any of the students has a different skill, sensibility, normally they are completely new to photogrammetry thus justifies the different quality of the different projects.All the surveys are only partial surveys, deriving from a quick documentation.Some plots are limited to the wire-frame model, some have been textured with the same photographs used for the panoramas.

2. 2 . 1
Figure 2 -Damascus, Al Azem Palace The architecture is an excellent example of Damaschen traditional masonry, build in the half of 18° c.The façade here shown is composed by several types of marbles and stones, like black basalt and limestone.

Figure 3 -
Figure 3 -The Al Azem Palace façade (plot by F.DiStefano produced with two spherical panoramas)

Figure 9 -
Figure 9 -Shabba the ancient forum (plot by V.Cori).The three panoramas points are visible together with the orientation directions.

Figure 24 -
Figure 24 -Damascus , the Omayyad mosque A regular network of panoramas was established inside the courtyard and outside the walls of the mosque.After the orientation of the panoramas, wire-frame plot of the coutyard only, including the three minaret, (Jesus, Bride, Al Quayat) took place, followed by the rendering.

Figure 29 -
Figure 29 -The lay-out of the 36 panoramas around the Citadel

Figure 32 -
Figure 32 -Aleppo, the destroyed minaret of the Umayyads mosque.It was 45 m high and it was one of the most significant examples of Seljuk architecture, perfectly restored.

Figure 33 -
Figure 33 -The lay-out of the orientation network of the 22 panoramasThe 22 panoramas around the 900 years old minaret have been taken with the technique of double station: from the same station point two different panoramas have been shot, one with wide-angle lens and the other one with tele-lens.The orientation of tele pano can be helped by the orientation of the wide angle one, althought this last has less information.Any lens plays a different and useful role.After the wire-frame model, the solid midel was then covered and textured with the rectified images, to produre a very realistic model, using he same photographs of the panoramas.