Life Cycle Data Analysis for Smart Cities and Support with Geographic Information System (GIS)

The dynamics of globalization have gained momentum with today's developing technology. So we are now faced with the problems of urbanization (and urban governance), which become more evident than in the last years. As the subject is city, interdisciplinary qualities must always considered. In the study, too, the focus of the urban area are smart (intelligent) management that remained within this framework. GIS plays a major role in establishing the relationship between all kinds of analyses and visual information in the same environment and in determining the right strategies. For this reason, the use of GIS for decision makers is one of the most commonly used methods for intellectual production in the smart cities concept. This method will support systematic and sustainable applications in the future.

This is a subject with priority for each institution, which plans to set up an information system. Reformation of the data by the transformation of the graphical and qualitative data in different formations into formations, in which they can have an affair with each other, is one of the main points of the system. In the announcement, these two subjects examine generally and according to the conditions of our country, the problems determine, and suggestions put forward about the solutions. (Köktürk & Köktürk, 2002).
To this end, in parallel with the advances in computer and communication technologies, the fast-paced data processing world is becoming increasingly important. It is the forerunner to develop sustainable approaches in the solutions to the problems of urbanization and urban management. Globalization dynamics are overemphasizing in today's conditions.
In addition, as the subject cities, interdisciplinary qualities must considered. In the study, too, the focus of the urban area was on the problematic issue of intelligent (especially, transport) management that remained within this framework level.
In this context, while the concept of smart cities use in the framework, it is now widely tried to develop a viewpoint that is conscious of a neoliberal view or a similar productoriented approach to the consumption society, but in a more prudent position.
The developed countries had started with "e-government". All data about social life with these approaches are now turning into applications with the electronic restructuring, internet, etc. technology to make it always accessible via their decisions.
So that data and information now play a very important role in every aspect of life, is the inevitable support of correct decisions. Spatial data have an important place in the egovernment approach.
Writer had presented by a proceeding as a trend in smart cities, "in recent developments in urban information toward m-state applications from e-government, by increasing the size of people's participation". (Kocalar, 2013b).

Urbanization and Environmental Problem:
Urban areas and places with daily mobility form an important living space of communities and even living beings on our planet.

Problems of Urban Areas and Places / Locations
Some of these problems: Migration, population growth, quality of life, limited service capacity, security, etc. The problems created by distorted, urbanism immigration and overpopulation, the increasing need for different services in the urban environment that manifested by the volatility of urban living quality with many other factors.
As increasing security violations, cities must constantly inspect for security purposes as a common living space for human beings and animals.

Problems of Protection of Urban Environment
The cities need to be protect also by the parts that form a common living space for human beings and animals. Because of this, due to increased security violations in urban areas, it is necessary, to constantly inspect for security purposes. Environment and water pollution, the problem of the settlement in the natural resource reserves, human healthrelated threats appearing incrementing parameters are increasing day by day. Therefore, it is now imperative that the numerical environments in which people are required to monitor the frequency of independent controls become more and more necessary. Unplanned urbanization, bringing along various infrastructure and related health problems, impair fully modern image we want to see the city today. For this reason, urban transformation projects brought to the agenda in our big cities and various projects carried out. (Yağcı, 2014).

Administrative Roles in Management
There are some gaps / conflicts / contradictions between the central and local governments' administrative roles (coordinated, disjointed). These problems, which grow increasingly serious in size, take place especially in the areas of responsibility of local governments and central government in sometimes. That is why it is necessary to produce common service solutions within on their premise.

Institutional Issues
There are administrative jobs: data collection and conversion, lack of expertise, infrastructure problems, security breaches, etc. However, in the researches of nowadays had been showed that our agencies which provide different services in cities have never been sufficient in terms of data collection and value transformation. Especially the lack of expertise is a reality and infrastructure problems are continue. On the other hand, any security violations may occur can be serious problem areas.
Therefore, the fact that the value obtained from the verbal values is still not very warm. On the other hand, in order to the security breaches in the use of electronic media, providers of value will become increasingly important in different types of initiatives.
The first of all, the solutions for institutional issues depends on management with enough money. For example, the lack of expertise, the problems of new infrastructure installations and updates are important previous steps before data collection, conversion and integration, etc. steps, also to be ready for security breaches, etc. in anytime.

Legal Issues (Gaps in the Legislation / Contradictions)
Neo-liberal affect increase the decisive role on legislation. Rapid changes brought about in the different vacancies and contradictions like as Table 1 at below.

Utilizing GIS Based Information Systems in Urban Management
By dealing with all these problems are very difficult. Especially, to decide quickly and correctly at different levels of authority needs more information.
Urban administrations as well as for the central government is a problem in itself. Together with the developing technologies to overcome these problems, some of the GIS based information systems on the agenda listed at below. GIS based information systems: • Tracking systems*, • Address information systems, • Transportation information systems, • Earthquake information systems, • Infrastructure information systems**, • Urban information systems, • Planning information systems, • Management information systems, • Reconstruction information systems, • Immovable information systems, • Tax information systems *GPS and GSM technology also uses in these technological systems. Many transportation firms for vehicle files uses these technological systems in their sectors. **SCADA uses in these infrastructural information systems with time. SCADA is not an open system so this situation is problem for interactivities.
It is necessary between them coordination and integration with time, especially in smart cities vision too.
Thus, repeated data entry prevent and verification quality can increase in this way. We can give these benefits, first by highlighting the stakeholders and then the author's short summary of those views by grouping and updating in the direction of the vision of the smart cities.
Stakeholders of smart cities: • City citizen (Real person) • Companies (Legal entity) • Municipal administration and employees • Investors • Immovable Owners (public, private: real, legal person) Information management systems, which designed with different focussed in urban area and used with geography based, will create smart cities of the future these facilities at above.
Benefits to facilitate perception grouped with key topics at below:

Services:
In the subjects provided, bureaucracy reduce, operations accelerate. From shared veneers, remotely service procurement will become widespread. Citizens will be happy. Service and operations are easy, costs are reduced, the quality of service increases. Continuity in service should be clear. (7x24)

Operation (Network):
Technical infrastructure, water and natural gas subscriber and network data will collect instantaneously.

Planning:
According to social and demographic facts planning facilities, it provided. According to the concrete measures of the future of cities, it plans. Prevention against accidents and disasters fast and furious, it may plan things.

Coordination:
Sewerage network and other infrastructure networks' related plans are more realistic. A cooperation way between the related institutions support success easily.
The municipal investment objectives should share with all stakeholders be in harmony.

Investments:
Have all information about the city. Thus, according to population forecasts and facility capacity necessary investments directly. All decisions about investments should be fast and more accurately.

Living environment:
Thanks to environmental protection and risk mapping creating a healthier and livable environment, it will become possible.

SOLUTION DYNAMICS in SMART CITIES by GIS:
A technical framework of some current approaches are here. Urbanization requires finding new landmarks for arriving is in town and this leads to the following: • The expansion of urban areas and • A narrowing of the opened areas leading to other uses. This is in turn, leads to significant energy consumption and environmental impacts of gases such as carbon monoxide and greenhouse gases. For this, both ecological and technological cities (smart cities) need.
If the urbanization is uncontrolled, it is more likely that there will be problems such as inadequate infrastructure, illegal construction and different demographic structures. Identification of the current status of cultural heritages is another important thing for documentation, preservation, and for use as a base or restoration. Documentation studies need robust and scientific methods. GIS and (especially digital terrestrial) photogrammetry have recently been the most commonly used scientific methods of processing information of historical monuments on computers for documenting cultural heritages digitally.
In cited study for documentation, all data of 46 historical monuments located in Silifke/Mersin collected and transferred to a database so that it made queryable. Some of those heritages were reconstructed as 3D models by the use of photogrammetric techniques. Finally, 3D Models were integrated into the system for presentation. (Doğan and Yakar, 2018).
Turkish Topographic Vector Database (TOPOVT) is a 3D vector database comprising 1:25.000 scale or higher resolution topographic features, contours representing the topography and geographic names. TOPOVT is the basic geographic data source for our country mapping and base for GIS applications. Feature collection stage of TOPOVT will soon be completed by covering whole Turkey. The updating works have already begun and will go on with an acceleration in 2018.
Real time or near real time updating of continuously changing geographic features in our country as far as possible and avoiding the duplicate geographic data production by governmental institutions are the main objectives of General Command of Mapping which is the biggest geographic data producer in basic scales in Turkey. By this system, all the governmental institutions needing topographic database for their applications will easily reach TOPOVT, make use of the data in their field works and present the data they produced to country use. In addition, by avoiding the duplicate geographic data production, national sources utilized economically and effectively. (Yılmaz and Canıberk, 2018).
Land use maps of rangelands were generated for past and current years. Then, by using these maps, temporal changes in rangelands were determined. A database was created with information about the rangelands in the study area for analyses and queries according to the results of a study; the structure of the current rangeland information system was examined, deficiencies were identified, and a sustainable rangeland information system was designed with the aim of eliminating the deficiencies. (Akar and Gokalp, 2018).
Such developments all over the world also reveal the necessity of smart cities.

A Technical Overview of the Framework of Intelligent Approaches to Urban or Spatial-Oriented Virtual Environments
Urban spaces with daily mobility are an important living space for communities even for living things on our planet. Urban (location awareness etc.) spatially focused virtual environments are becoming increasingly widespread in our everyday life with their different application possibilities. Such urban or spatial-oriented digital environments increasingly need for the collection, processing, preservation, and conversion of data into various valueadded works.
Especially for the increasingly vigorous urban environments, these needs are increasing rapidly. Their classification (technology used, user population, brand / model, etc.) can be quite diverse and will exceed the limits of this declaration.
Here, only those who have notified the position will emphasize, as well as access to the sectoral solutions will examine and then general solutions will give with titles only.

New Business Models for Smart Cities
The need in Europe has led to the formation of European smart cities and communities (European innovation partnership -EIP).
The most important task of the EIP is the implementation of innovative and technological solutions in the cities for the formation of sustainable cities. This idea naturally leads to the idea of sustainable control.
Organizations such as the United Nations economic commission housing and land management unit (UNECE), UN HABITAT offices, FGD, City planners organization, Dubai real estate institute, European environment agency, OECD, EBC had decided to organize a joint project in this frame.
With the concept of smart cities in the project, in order to overcome their implementation difficulties low middle income in countries with economies, it is aim to pass on the principles and practices of sustainable urban development including that new business models that will enhance technology and management skills. The committee for these studies did not announce the period until 2020.
There are many GIS applications near the smart cities concepts or subjects nowadays. In the study, the focus of the urban area was on the problematic issue of intelligent (especially, transportation) management that remained within this framework level.

Urban Daily Mobility (Location Notified Individual Flow) and Intelligent Services:
Urban virtual environments (location statement etc.) are becoming increasingly widespread in our daily life by providing usable applications. The collection, processing and preservation of data in these digital environments creates new and important business areas. So much so that it is increasingly necessary for cities, to transform this activity into various value added works.
Service quality directly relate to reliability, precision and up-to-datedness of the data/analysis. During planning process, GIS apply as an objective and precise tool for analysis, synthesis and decision making phases, replacing planner's ability to use selfinitiative. GIS provides accurate and rapid data updating, and thus eases deciding for areas where urgent planning or changes are required.
Utilizing GIS, problem rapidly define and urgent solutions found. The statistical data, which collect by utilizing remote sensing and geographical information system in transportation planning, examine with information systems and solutions per locations produce rapidly. GIS also provides objective and precise analysis for future density projections. (Güvenal, Çabuk, Yavuz 2005).

Transportation Networks with Intelligent Services:
Especially monitoring and security of the transportation network purpose auditing is also highly desirable. In addition, since the needs grow rapidly and diversity, it is inevitable that the solutions are a part of life for urban environments that are particularly populous.
Within a study, "data derived from traffic accident reports in Eskişehir County has been used for transportation planning process, as well as determination of critical locations/points in the city". It is about transportation plan decisions with GIS.
Thus, current transportation plan decisions within the regions with determined critical points has evaluated. Proposals for redesigning the traffic restrictions has been presented according to the analysis results executed in a GIS environment." (Güvenal, Çabuk, Yavuz 2005).
Another study had presented in 4th Highway Traffic Symposium, it was about intelligent traffic flows, named "A decision support systems had been designed for special purpose vehicles towards the prevention of traffic accidents in driving safety for road motor in Motorway and Rubber Wheel". (Kocalar 2013-a).

Urban Transformation Perspectives with GIS:
A study with GIS-approach for smart buildings, "From design to project, Sustainable Building Supervision and Management Model (SYDYM) for Building Construction Process Life Cycle" was named, had been presented as a proceeding in Smart and Green Buildings Congress and Exhibition. (Kocalar & Takçı, 2013-c).
Rapid population growth in our living space spread and urban renewal need by the city's social, economic and physical improvement. Urban transformation has also emerged in order to solve the problems concentrated in the urban depression areas in a coordinated manner. Urban regeneration which in solving urban problems is an important tool of there are a lot of policies and procedures in this regard different from each other, in our country as well as around the world and have been widely discussed, monitored and implemented. Geographic Information System through which pad to use in urban areas will allow you to undoubtedly more accurate conversion.
Especially, obtained with using thematic-based base maps, decision-makers can be taking the lead in making the right decisions. In practice, in the field of urban transformation, geographical information technologies, registration, analysis, synthesis with features decision makers more precise results. Such that; map, linking table documents establish spatial relationships and making it possible to make inquiries. (Yağcı 2014).

Common Living Spaces and Intelligent Services Aimed at Improving:
A common living space for people and animals in cities it should supervise for security purposes. Street and in-building camera and surveillance systems are also widespread today.
The fact that the cities enter into new economic relations, consumption habits and changes in patterns; the emergence of new housing, business and management centers, and most importantly, the growth of physical criteria with parallel to the increase in the urban population, new technological urban infrastructure and public services bring to the agenda as a necessity. (Bozkurt 2008).
Here, in the post-modernization, the use of new technologies in these kind of fields also have to increase over time rapidly.

REALITY for GIS APPLICATION
Geography Information Systems (GIS) had used as general title for City/Urban Management Systems (CMS/UMS) and/or Spatial Information Systems (SIS). They are using depends on the aiming areas in these work.

Basic Description of Database Systems (DBS)
A DBS consists of a database, a database management system (DBMS) and a system interface or database language that acts as a user access point, as shown in Table 2

Overview of Spatial Information System Components
The descriptive part of the cadastre is the Digital Automated Land Survey Register (ALB) (  In general, there are two types of geographic data: vector data and raster data. Vector data (points, lines, polygons etc.) can be linked to a variety of different data types and sources (such as population levels, altitudes, street numbers), while raster data (aerial photos, satellite photos etc.) only contains a greyscale or colour-value. Raster data sets are used to measure and determine distribution patterns and in distance analysis. Hybrid GIS are capable of working with both raster and vector data typesthis allows altitude models and spatial statistics to be generated ( Table 4). Since spatial data is also an important part of the e-government approach, the information content system components (hardware, software, data, institutional structure, human resources, rules, etc.) should be considered as a whole. In view of the authors' work, Volume-V, Issue-I July 2018 81 visualizations will make clearer through the following three separate tables. (Köktürk & Köktürk 2002).  Table 5. at above is covering identification, compilation and structuring of data. Data life is more than others in Table 6. However, it is not certain for every systems no doubt.

Related Subjects with Distributions of Uses for Spatial Information System:
The areas and rates of use of data constructed in a spatial information system are as following Table 7 at below. As writers, spatial data gain an important position in various social activities, and because of these characteristics, "change values" are stronger than the old ones. Increasing use values of spatial data give rise to increasing exchange values. (Köktürk & Köktürk 2002). There are some steps for information systems of data processing in Table 8. at below. It is necessary to transform it into form (or data conversion to required form). Table 8. Some steps for data processing of information systems (Köktürk & Köktürk, 2002). Some data processing steps 1 to be obtained 2 be processed 3 configurations 4 in the course of presentations (according to requirements) There are some critical points in these systems according to writers (Köktürk & Köktürk 2002): . First, heterogeneous properties will be dominate in the related hardware and software structures. . The concept of "exchange of data" takes precedence but for "changeability", it is also seen that "transformation" may be necessary.
The cost of the collection and reformation of the data according to the system logic is nearly 65-70 % of total cost of an information system about residential subjects. It is important to be aware of that point because that ratio is generally not open. On the other hand, data sharing between the institutions and the units is also another problem. It gets more difficult to create the database of the information systems about the residential subjects under the working conditions with institutions and managers that are tight about data sharing. To put forward the rules and conditions of data sharing, to accelerate and to cheapen the data flow are gaining importance for the expectations of the information systems to come true. (Köktürk & Köktürk 2002).

Urban Transformation with GIS
With a master thesis, (Yağcı 2014) using GIS facilities in urban transformation studies, analytical data and images that directly or indirectly affect decision-making mechanisms can use at below: • location, • infrastructure, • temporal change and environmental Using these parameters, the urban transformation phenomenon in the thesis was examine by further realizing the urban transformation of Meram District Altınhamle.
In another papers, "transfer of property and development rights in applications of development plans" by GIS used is possible. (Kocalar 2016-b).
Firstly, the City Information Management System must establish in a city by the municipality, before it is necessary to start urban transformation studies, etc. For that the infrastructure information, integration with other information about the land, technical infrastructural cadastral information must be ready to use in different urban studies.
Urban management with City Information-Management Systems(CIMS/UIMS): These kind of facilities at below can be provided with for all urban data, using the possibilities of GIS technology, in the urban (transportation, management, transformation, etc.) projects: Storage, information access, interrogation, analysis, decision making, reporting, visual presentation of results with thematic maps.
The digitalization of maps and other forms of spatial information opens new possibilities for GIS to be used to visualize geographic knowledge and to transform geographic information. They provide users with a range of analytical tools that are only provided by GIS to explore spatial relationships in data, including data collection, data modelling, data manipulation, data analysis and data storage.
This combination of both basic and advanced spatial data analysis functions is not found in generic information systems. The functionality offered by GIS is often required to understand and to manage activities and resources for highly specific purposes. This results in specialist GIS applications, such as:

Natural Resources with GIS in Regional Studies
Volume-V, Issue-I July 2018 84 There is a proceeding about water resources in Sivas and planning through the apparent effects of climate change (Dams and Ponds and Irrigation Channels) in the UZAL-CBS 2014. (Kocalar 2014-f).

COMPLEXITY EVALUATION for DATA PROCESSING in GIS
There are very different data structures (graphical, verbal) in GIS, so that this complexity in data processing are important with all components: Data Types/ Structures/ Resources/Software. First, an overview of the computer architecture basics with hardware, software and database components are in Table 9. at above.

An Overview of the Computer Architecture Basics
Operation systems and application software depends on hardware firms in the similar operating principles. GIS components depends on issues in all these architectures.

GIS data components (Data Models, Types / Structures)
GIS database software depends also on issues in all these four data models in Table 10. Graphical software depends on Graphical Data type / structures are in Table 11. at below.  Image processing software Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Drawing software

Data elements
Data components (data streams, structures, resources, database, etc.) with application software in GIS are important, so they are giving by Table 12. without hardware in easy way at above.
In this Table 12 only graphical data and graphical software (Complex, Topological) show in very. However, there is a critical point about data processing related with data types in GIS.

Critical Points (Different Data Types / Structures) in GIS
As there are different data structures (graphical, verbal) in GIS, so that this complexity in data processing must be decreased with the design of systems.
In the Client -Server (network type, multi-user) systems structure, very useful with this approach. The server part is attentive and regular, increasing the quality of data and service with high-level control.
This system structure are using in advanced GIS environments quite more. Thus, it is possible to use with graphics data and verbal data on the same server.
These situations were also taking advantages like a list at below. Advantages of storing and using graphical and verbal data in the same database in advanced GIS environments are: . Query with geographic data SQL statements. . Min. data with max. questioning. . Editing user transport rules . Presenting sneaky by filtering data. . Providing convenience, flexibility and security in data presentation on the Internet. . Relation of graphics and verbal data.

Vendor Specific Technology Information (Arcs DE and Oracle SDO):
For example, ESRI Arc Info / Arcs DE and Oracle SDO database systems and Geographic databases created by ESRI products, called Geodatabase.

Geodatabase specific information:
In Arcs DE technology, non-graphical (verbal, attribute, tabular) data is easily managed by being stored in a relational database, and the management convenience provided by such use is superior to this product. Databases can select differently for personal use (.mdb) and for multiple uses (Oracle, MS SQL, IBM DB2, Informix). (While SDE technology uses with ESRI products, but other GIS software such as Geomedia and MapInfo cannot use SDE technology.) Advantages of geodatabase data modeling: • Regular configuration for data (quick access to data, ease of editing, updating and correcting with inter-learner relationships).
• Better definition of geographical objects, simple geometric shapes (point, line, multiline, closed area) as well as curves, curves, etc. in shape, etc. also ease of arrangement, update and correction. • In the same database, related data (vector, raster, TIN, address descriptions) can be placed and managed. • It provides easy-to-use data editing and versioning capabilities within the authority of the Internet.

Open Approaches (OpenGIS Consortium-OGC):
Open GIS was announced in 1994. ESRI and Oracle entered into this consortium in 1997. OGC has been supporting with related studies with Open GIS Reference model by many workgroups in OGC's issue way. (Buehler 2003).

Data Processing in GIS-design in Internet
Compilation of data from sources, transfer into the computer environment, analyze, process, convert information and take part in GIS require very good planning.
The quality of the data, specifications, standards, formats, compilation methods, sensitivities, etc. should consider in detail during system design.

Automatic Data Integration in Cartography Mapping Periods
Data must be also smart data in the GIS in data productions and processing operations period as suitable with data specifications, standards, formats, compilation methods, sensitivities in high quality.
Drawings should be defined as which kind of draw (for examples; building, road, slope, channel, lakeshore, rainwater grate, garden border, etc.).

Geo-Referencing Systems Standards
There are also many geo-referencing systems standards. Some of them used in GIS ready-systems and maps produced in institutions since 1895. Then systems standards changed with 1942, 1953, 1954. The country coordinate systems accepted by mapping law regulation in Turkey, 1974.
However, after 1980, many local coordinate systems were used with plans (1/1000, 1/2000, 1/5000) in local authorities and institutions. The selected coordinate system for GIS graphical data will also require some transformations between coordinate systems.